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       <TITLE>GNU gettext utilities - 12  The Maintainer's View</TITLE>
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       Go to the <A HREF="gettext_1.html">first</A>, <A HREF="gettext_11.html">previous</A>, <A HREF="gettext_13.html">next</A>, <A HREF="gettext_22.html">last</A> section, <A HREF="gettext_toc.html">table of contents</A>.
       <P><HR><P>
       <H1><A NAME="SEC189" HREF="gettext_toc.html#TOC189">12  The Maintainer's View</A></H1>
       <P>
       <A NAME="IDX1001"></A>
       </P>
       <P>
       The maintainer of a package has many responsibilities.  One of them
       is ensuring that the package will install easily on many platforms,
       and that the magic we described earlier (see section <A HREF="gettext_9.html#SEC153">9  The User's View</A>) will work
       for installers and end users.
       </P>
       <P>
       Of course, there are many possible ways by which GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE>
       might be integrated in a distribution, and this chapter does not cover
       them in all generality.  Instead, it details one possible approach which
       is especially adequate for many free software distributions following GNU
       standards, or even better, Gnits standards, because GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE>
       is purposely for helping the internationalization of the whole GNU
       project, and as many other good free packages as possible.  So, the
       maintainer's view presented here presumes that the package already has
       a <TT>`configure.in&acute;</TT> file and uses GNU Autoconf.
       </P>
       <P>
       Nevertheless, GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE> may surely be useful for free packages
       not following GNU standards and conventions, but the maintainers of such
       packages might have to show imagination and initiative in organizing
       their distributions so <CODE>gettext</CODE> work for them in all situations.
       There are surely many, out there.
       </P>
       <P>
       Even if <CODE>gettext</CODE> methods are now stabilizing, slight adjustments
       might be needed between successive <CODE>gettext</CODE> versions, so you
       should ideally revise this chapter in subsequent releases, looking
       for changes.
       </P>
       <H2><A NAME="SEC190" HREF="gettext_toc.html#TOC190">12.1  Flat or Non-Flat Directory Structures</A></H2>
       <P>
       Some free software packages are distributed as <CODE>tar</CODE> files which unpack
       in a single directory, these are said to be <EM>flat</EM> distributions.
       Other free software packages have a one level hierarchy of subdirectories, using
       for example a subdirectory named <TT>`doc/&acute;</TT> for the Texinfo manual and
       man pages, another called <TT>`lib/&acute;</TT> for holding functions meant to
       replace or complement C libraries, and a subdirectory <TT>`src/&acute;</TT> for
       holding the proper sources for the package.  These other distributions
       are said to be <EM>non-flat</EM>.
       </P>
       <P>
       We cannot say much about flat distributions.  A flat
       directory structure has the disadvantage of increasing the difficulty
       of updating to a new version of GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE>.  Also, if you have
       many PO files, this could somewhat pollute your single directory.
       Also, GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE>'s libintl sources consist of C sources, shell
       scripts, <CODE>sed</CODE> scripts and complicated Makefile rules, which don't
       fit well into an existing flat structure.  For these reasons, we
       recommend to use non-flat approach in this case as well.
       </P>
       <P>
       Maybe because GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE> itself has a non-flat structure,
       we have more experience with this approach, and this is what will be
       described in the remaining of this chapter.  Some maintainers might
       use this as an opportunity to unflatten their package structure.
       </P>
       <H2><A NAME="SEC191" HREF="gettext_toc.html#TOC191">12.2  Prerequisite Works</A></H2>
       <P>
       <A NAME="IDX1002"></A>
       <A NAME="IDX1003"></A>
       <A NAME="IDX1004"></A>
       </P>
       <P>
       There are some works which are required for using GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE>
       in one of your package.  These works have some kind of generality
       that escape the point by point descriptions used in the remainder
       of this chapter.  So, we describe them here.
       </P>
       <UL>
       <LI>
       Before attempting to use <CODE>gettextize</CODE> you should install some
       other packages first.
       Ensure that recent versions of GNU <CODE>m4</CODE>, GNU Autoconf and GNU
       <CODE>gettext</CODE> are already installed at your site, and if not, proceed
       to do this first.  If you get to install these things, beware that
       GNU <CODE>m4</CODE> must be fully installed before GNU Autoconf is even
       <EM>configured</EM>.
       To further ease the task of a package maintainer the <CODE>automake</CODE>
       package was designed and implemented.  GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE> now uses this
       tool and the <TT>`Makefile&acute;</TT>s in the <TT>`intl/&acute;</TT> and <TT>`po/&acute;</TT>
       therefore know about all the goals necessary for using <CODE>automake</CODE>
       and <TT>`libintl&acute;</TT> in one project.
       Those four packages are only needed by you, as a maintainer; the
       installers of your own package and end users do not really need any of
       GNU <CODE>m4</CODE>, GNU Autoconf, GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE>, or GNU <CODE>automake</CODE>
       for successfully installing and running your package, with messages
       properly translated.  But this is not completely true if you provide
       internationalized shell scripts within your own package: GNU
       <CODE>gettext</CODE> shall then be installed at the user site if the end users
       want to see the translation of shell script messages.
       <LI>
       Your package should use Autoconf and have a <TT>`configure.in&acute;</TT> or
       <TT>`configure.ac&acute;</TT> file.
       If it does not, you have to learn how.  The Autoconf documentation
       is quite well written, it is a good idea that you print it and get
       familiar with it.
       <LI>
       Your C sources should have already been modified according to
       instructions given earlier in this manual.  See section <A HREF="gettext_3.html#SEC13">3  Preparing Program Sources</A>.
       <LI>
       Your <TT>`po/&acute;</TT> directory should receive all PO files submitted to you
       by the translator teams, each having <TT>`<VAR>ll</VAR>.po&acute;</TT> as a name.
       This is not usually easy to get translation
       work done before your package gets internationalized and available!
       Since the cycle has to start somewhere, the easiest for the maintainer
       is to start with absolutely no PO files, and wait until various
       translator teams get interested in your package, and submit PO files.
       </UL>
       <P>
       It is worth adding here a few words about how the maintainer should
       ideally behave with PO files submissions.  As a maintainer, your role is
       to authenticate the origin of the submission as being the representative
       of the appropriate translating teams of the Translation Project (forward
       the submission to <TT>`translation@iro.umontreal.ca&acute;</TT> in case of doubt),
       to ensure that the PO file format is not severely broken and does not
       prevent successful installation, and for the rest, to merely put these
       PO files in <TT>`po/&acute;</TT> for distribution.
       </P>
       <P>
       As a maintainer, you do not have to take on your shoulders the
       responsibility of checking if the translations are adequate or
       complete, and should avoid diving into linguistic matters.  Translation
       teams drive themselves and are fully responsible of their linguistic
       choices for the Translation Project.  Keep in mind that translator teams are <EM>not</EM>
       driven by maintainers.  You can help by carefully redirecting all
       communications and reports from users about linguistic matters to the
       appropriate translation team, or explain users how to reach or join
       their team.  The simplest might be to send them the <TT>`ABOUT-NLS&acute;</TT> file.
       </P>
       <P>
       Maintainers should <EM>never ever</EM> apply PO file bug reports
       themselves, short-cutting translation teams.  If some translator has
       difficulty to get some of her points through her team, it should not be
       an option for her to directly negotiate translations with maintainers.
       Teams ought to settle their problems themselves, if any.  If you, as
       a maintainer, ever think there is a real problem with a team, please
       never try to <EM>solve</EM> a team's problem on your own.
       </P>
       <H2><A NAME="SEC192" HREF="gettext_toc.html#TOC192">12.3  Invoking the <CODE>gettextize</CODE> Program</A></H2>
       <P>
       The <CODE>gettextize</CODE> program is an interactive tool that helps the
       maintainer of a package internationalized through GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE>.
       It is used for two purposes:
       </P>
       <UL>
       <LI>
       As a wizard, when a package is modified to use GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE> for
       the first time.
       <LI>
       As a migration tool, for upgrading the GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE> support in
       a package from a previous to a newer version of GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE>.
       </UL>
       <P>
       This program performs the following tasks:
       </P>
       <UL>
       <LI>
       It copies into the package some files that are consistently and
       identically needed in every package internationalized through
       GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE>.
       <LI>It performs as many of the tasks mentioned in the next section
       section <A HREF="gettext_12.html#SEC193">12.4  Files You Must Create or Alter</A> as can be performed automatically.
       <LI>It removes obsolete files and idioms used for previous GNU
       <CODE>gettext</CODE> versions to the form recommended for the current GNU
       <CODE>gettext</CODE> version.
       <LI>It prints a summary of the tasks that ought to be done manually
       and could not be done automatically by <CODE>gettextize</CODE>.
       </UL>
       <P>
       It can be invoked as follows:
       </P>
       <P>
       <A NAME="IDX1005"></A>
       <A NAME="IDX1006"></A>
       <PRE>
       gettextize [ <VAR>option</VAR>... ] [ <VAR>directory</VAR> ]
       </PRE>
       <P>
       and accepts the following options:
       </P>
       <DL COMPACT>
       <DT><SAMP>`-c&acute;</SAMP>
       <DD>
       <DT><SAMP>`--copy&acute;</SAMP>
       <DD>
       <A NAME="IDX1007"></A>
       <A NAME="IDX1008"></A>
       Copy the needed files instead of making symbolic links.  Using links
       would allow the package to always use the latest <CODE>gettext</CODE> code
       available on the system, but it might disturb some mechanism the
       maintainer is used to apply to the sources.  Because running
       <CODE>gettextize</CODE> is easy there shouldn't be problems with using copies.
       <DT><SAMP>`-f&acute;</SAMP>
       <DD>
       <DT><SAMP>`--force&acute;</SAMP>
       <DD>
       <A NAME="IDX1009"></A>
       <A NAME="IDX1010"></A>
       Force replacement of files which already exist.
       <DT><SAMP>`--intl&acute;</SAMP>
       <DD>
       <A NAME="IDX1011"></A>
       Install the libintl sources in a subdirectory named <TT>`intl/&acute;</TT>.
       This libintl will be used to provide internationalization on systems
       that don't have GNU libintl installed.  If this option is omitted,
       the call to <CODE>AM_GNU_GETTEXT</CODE> in <TT>`configure.in&acute;</TT> should read:
       <SAMP>`AM_GNU_GETTEXT([external])&acute;</SAMP>, and internationalization will not
       be enabled on systems lacking GNU gettext.
       <DT><SAMP>`--no-changelog&acute;</SAMP>
       <DD>
       <A NAME="IDX1012"></A>
       Don't update or create ChangeLog files.  By default, <CODE>gettextize</CODE>
       logs all changes (file additions, modifications and removals) in a
       file called <SAMP>`ChangeLog&acute;</SAMP> in each affected directory.
       <DT><SAMP>`-n&acute;</SAMP>
       <DD>
       <DT><SAMP>`--dry-run&acute;</SAMP>
       <DD>
       <A NAME="IDX1013"></A>
       <A NAME="IDX1014"></A>
       Print modifications but don't perform them.  All actions that
       <CODE>gettextize</CODE> would normally execute are inhibited and instead only
       listed on standard output.
       <DT><SAMP>`--help&acute;</SAMP>
       <DD>
       <A NAME="IDX1015"></A>
       Display this help and exit.
       <DT><SAMP>`--version&acute;</SAMP>
       <DD>
       <A NAME="IDX1016"></A>
       Output version information and exit.
       </DL>
       <P>
       If <VAR>directory</VAR> is given, this is the top level directory of a
       package to prepare for using GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE>.  If not given, it
       is assumed that the current directory is the top level directory of
       such a package.
       </P>
       <P>
       The program <CODE>gettextize</CODE> provides the following files.  However,
       no existing file will be replaced unless the option <CODE>--force</CODE>
       (<CODE>-f</CODE>) is specified.
       </P>
       <OL>
       <LI>
       The <TT>`ABOUT-NLS&acute;</TT> file is copied in the main directory of your package,
       the one being at the top level.  This file gives the main indications
       about how to install and use the Native Language Support features
       of your program.  You might elect to use a more recent copy of this
       <TT>`ABOUT-NLS&acute;</TT> file than the one provided through <CODE>gettextize</CODE>,
       if you have one handy.  You may also fetch a more recent copy of file
       <TT>`ABOUT-NLS&acute;</TT> from Translation Project sites, and from most GNU
       archive sites.
       <LI>
       A <TT>`po/&acute;</TT> directory is created for eventually holding
       all translation files, but initially only containing the file
       <TT>`po/Makefile.in.in&acute;</TT> from the GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE> distribution
       (beware the double <SAMP>`.in&acute;</SAMP> in the file name) and a few auxiliary
       files.  If the <TT>`po/&acute;</TT> directory already exists, it will be preserved
       along with the files it contains, and only <TT>`Makefile.in.in&acute;</TT> and
       the auxiliary files will be overwritten.
       <LI>
       Only if <SAMP>`--intl&acute;</SAMP> has been specified:
       A <TT>`intl/&acute;</TT> directory is created and filled with most of the files
       originally in the <TT>`intl/&acute;</TT> directory of the GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE>
       distribution.  Also, if option <CODE>--force</CODE> (<CODE>-f</CODE>) is given,
       the <TT>`intl/&acute;</TT> directory is emptied first.
       <LI>
       The files <TT>`config.rpath&acute;</TT> and <TT>`mkinstalldirs&acute;</TT> are copied into
       the directory containing configuration support files.  It is needed by
       the <CODE>AM_GNU_GETTEXT</CODE> autoconf macro.
       <LI>
       Only if the project is using GNU <CODE>automake</CODE>:
       A set of <CODE>autoconf</CODE> macro files is copied into the package's
       <CODE>autoconf</CODE> macro repository, usually in a directory called <TT>`m4/&acute;</TT>.
       </OL>
       <P>
       If your site support symbolic links, <CODE>gettextize</CODE> will not
       actually copy the files into your package, but establish symbolic
       links instead.  This avoids duplicating the disk space needed in
       all packages.  Merely using the <SAMP>`-h&acute;</SAMP> option while creating the
       <CODE>tar</CODE> archive of your distribution will resolve each link by an
       actual copy in the distribution archive.  So, to insist, you really
       should use <SAMP>`-h&acute;</SAMP> option with <CODE>tar</CODE> within your <CODE>dist</CODE>
       goal of your main <TT>`Makefile.in&acute;</TT>.
       </P>
       <P>
       Furthermore, <CODE>gettextize</CODE> will update all <TT>`Makefile.am&acute;</TT> files
       in each affected directory, as well as the top level <TT>`configure.in&acute;</TT>
       or <TT>`configure.ac&acute;</TT> file.
       </P>
       <P>
       It is interesting to understand that most new files for supporting
       GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE> facilities in one package go in <TT>`intl/&acute;</TT>,
       <TT>`po/&acute;</TT> and <TT>`m4/&acute;</TT> subdirectories.  One distinction between
       <TT>`intl/&acute;</TT> and the two other directories is that <TT>`intl/&acute;</TT> is
       meant to be completely identical in all packages using GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE>,
       while the other directories will mostly contain package dependent
       files.
       </P>
       <P>
       The <CODE>gettextize</CODE> program makes backup files for all files it
       replaces or changes, and also write ChangeLog entries about these
       changes.  This way, the careful maintainer can check after running
       <CODE>gettextize</CODE> whether its changes are acceptable to him, and
       possibly adjust them.  An exception to this rule is the <TT>`intl/&acute;</TT>
       directory, which is added or replaced or removed as a whole.
       </P>
       <P>
       It is important to understand that <CODE>gettextize</CODE> can not do the
       entire job of adapting a package for using GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE>.  The
       amount of remaining work depends on whether the package uses GNU
       <CODE>automake</CODE> or not.  But in any case, the maintainer should still
       read the section section <A HREF="gettext_12.html#SEC193">12.4  Files You Must Create or Alter</A> after invoking <CODE>gettextize</CODE>.
       </P>
       <P>
       It is also important to understand that <CODE>gettextize</CODE> is not part
       of the GNU build system, in the sense that it should not be invoked
       automatically, and not be invoked by someone who doesn't assume the
       responsibilities of a package maintainer.  For the latter purpose, a
       separate tool is provided, see section <A HREF="gettext_12.html#SEC214">12.6.3  Invoking the <CODE>autopoint</CODE> Program</A>.
       </P>
       <H2><A NAME="SEC193" HREF="gettext_toc.html#TOC193">12.4  Files You Must Create or Alter</A></H2>
       <P>
       <A NAME="IDX1017"></A>
       </P>
       <P>
       Besides files which are automatically added through <CODE>gettextize</CODE>,
       there are many files needing revision for properly interacting with
       GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE>.  If you are closely following GNU standards for
       Makefile engineering and auto-configuration, the adaptations should
       be easier to achieve.  Here is a point by point description of the
       changes needed in each.
       </P>
       <P>
       So, here comes a list of files, each one followed by a description of
       all alterations it needs.  Many examples are taken out from the GNU
       <CODE>gettext</CODE> 0.13.1 distribution itself, or from the GNU
       <CODE>hello</CODE> distribution (<A HREF="http://www.franken.de/users/gnu/ke/hello">http://www.franken.de/users/gnu/ke/hello</A>
       or <A HREF="http://www.gnu.franken.de/ke/hello/">http://www.gnu.franken.de/ke/hello/</A>)  You may indeed
       refer to the source code of the GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE> and GNU <CODE>hello</CODE>
       packages, as they are intended to be good examples for using GNU
       gettext functionality.
       </P>
       <H3><A NAME="SEC194" HREF="gettext_toc.html#TOC194">12.4.1  <TT>`POTFILES.in&acute;</TT> in <TT>`po/&acute;</TT></A></H3>
       <P>
       <A NAME="IDX1018"></A>
       </P>
       <P>
       The <TT>`po/&acute;</TT> directory should receive a file named
       <TT>`POTFILES.in&acute;</TT>.  This file tells which files, among all program
       sources, have marked strings needing translation.  Here is an example
       of such a file:
       </P>
       <PRE>
       # List of source files containing translatable strings.
       # Copyright (C) 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
       # Common library files
       lib/error.c
       lib/getopt.c
       lib/xmalloc.c
       # Package source files
       src/gettext.c
       src/msgfmt.c
       src/xgettext.c
       </PRE>
       <P>
       Hash-marked comments and white lines are ignored.  All other lines
       list those source files containing strings marked for translation
       (see section <A HREF="gettext_3.html#SEC16">3.3  How Marks Appear in Sources</A>), in a notation relative to the top level
       of your whole distribution, rather than the location of the
       <TT>`POTFILES.in&acute;</TT> file itself.
       </P>
       <P>
       When a C file is automatically generated by a tool, like <CODE>flex</CODE> or
       <CODE>bison</CODE>, that doesn't introduce translatable strings by itself,
       it is recommended to list in <TT>`po/POTFILES.in&acute;</TT> the real source file
       (ending in <TT>`.l&acute;</TT> in the case of <CODE>flex</CODE>, or in <TT>`.y&acute;</TT> in the
       case of <CODE>bison</CODE>), not the generated C file.
       </P>
       <H3><A NAME="SEC195" HREF="gettext_toc.html#TOC195">12.4.2  <TT>`LINGUAS&acute;</TT> in <TT>`po/&acute;</TT></A></H3>
       <P>
       <A NAME="IDX1019"></A>
       </P>
       <P>
       The <TT>`po/&acute;</TT> directory should also receive a file named
       <TT>`LINGUAS&acute;</TT>.  This file contains the list of available translations.
       It is a whitespace separated list.  Hash-marked comments and white lines
       are ignored.  Here is an example file:
       </P>
       <PRE>
       # Set of available languages.
       de fr
       </PRE>
       <P>
       This example means that German and French PO files are available, so
       that these languages are currently supported by your package.  If you
       want to further restrict, at installation time, the set of installed
       languages, this should not be done by modifying the <TT>`LINGUAS&acute;</TT> file,
       but rather by using the <CODE>LINGUAS</CODE> environment variable
       (see section <A HREF="gettext_9.html#SEC155">9.2  Magic for Installers</A>).
       </P>
       <P>
       It is recommended that you add the "languages" <SAMP>`en@quot&acute;</SAMP> and
       <SAMP>`en@boldquot&acute;</SAMP> to the <CODE>LINGUAS</CODE> file.  <CODE>en@quot</CODE> is a
       variant of English message catalogs (<CODE>en</CODE>) which uses real quotation
       marks instead of the ugly looking asymmetric ASCII substitutes <SAMP>``&acute;</SAMP>
       and <SAMP>`'&acute;</SAMP>.  <CODE>en@boldquot</CODE> is a variant of <CODE>en@quot</CODE> that
       additionally outputs quoted pieces of text in a bold font, when used in
       a terminal emulator which supports the VT100 escape sequences (such as
       <CODE>xterm</CODE> or the Linux console, but not Emacs in <KBD>M-x shell</KBD> mode).
       </P>
       <P>
       These extra message catalogs <SAMP>`en@quot&acute;</SAMP> and <SAMP>`en@boldquot&acute;</SAMP>
       are constructed automatically, not by translators; to support them, you
       need the files <TT>`Rules-quot&acute;</TT>, <TT>`quot.sed&acute;</TT>, <TT>`boldquot.sed&acute;</TT>,
       <TT>`en@quot.header&acute;</TT>, <TT>`en@boldquot.header&acute;</TT>, <TT>`insert-header.sin&acute;</TT>
       in the <TT>`po/&acute;</TT> directory.  You can copy them from GNU gettext's <TT>`po/&acute;</TT>
       directory; they are also installed by running <CODE>gettextize</CODE>.
       </P>
       <H3><A NAME="SEC196" HREF="gettext_toc.html#TOC196">12.4.3  <TT>`Makefile&acute;</TT> pieces in <TT>`po/&acute;</TT></A></H3>
       <P>
       <A NAME="IDX1020"></A>
       </P>
       <P>
       The <TT>`po/&acute;</TT> directory also has a file named <TT>`Makevars&acute;</TT>.
       It can be left unmodified if your package has a single message domain
       and, accordingly, a single <TT>`po/&acute;</TT> directory.  Only packages which
       have multiple <TT>`po/&acute;</TT> directories at different locations need to
       adjust the three variables defined in <TT>`Makevars&acute;</TT>.
       </P>
       <P>
       <TT>`po/Makevars&acute;</TT> gets inserted into the <TT>`po/Makefile&acute;</TT> when the
       latter is created.  At the same time, all files called <TT>`Rules-*&acute;</TT> in the
       <TT>`po/&acute;</TT> directory get appended to the <TT>`po/Makefile&acute;</TT>.  They present
       an opportunity to add rules for special PO files to the Makefile, without
       needing to mess with <TT>`po/Makefile.in.in&acute;</TT>.
       </P>
       <P>
       <A NAME="IDX1021"></A>
       <A NAME="IDX1022"></A>
       GNU gettext comes with a <TT>`Rules-quot&acute;</TT> file, containing rules for
       building catalogs <TT>`en@quot.po&acute;</TT> and <TT>`en@boldquot.po&acute;</TT>.  The
       effect of <TT>`en@quot.po&acute;</TT> is that people who set their <CODE>LANGUAGE</CODE>
       environment variable to <SAMP>`en@quot&acute;</SAMP> will get messages with proper
       looking symmetric Unicode quotation marks instead of abusing the ASCII
       grave accent and the ASCII apostrophe for indicating quotations.  To
       enable this catalog, simply add <CODE>en@quot</CODE> to the <TT>`po/LINGUAS&acute;</TT>
       file.  The effect of <TT>`en@boldquot.po&acute;</TT> is that people who set
       <CODE>LANGUAGE</CODE> to <SAMP>`en@boldquot&acute;</SAMP> will get not only proper quotation
       marks, but also the quoted text will be shown in a bold font on terminals
       and consoles.  This catalog is useful only for command-line programs, not
       GUI programs.  To enable it, similarly add <CODE>en@boldquot</CODE> to the
       <TT>`po/LINGUAS&acute;</TT> file.
       </P>
       <H3><A NAME="SEC197" HREF="gettext_toc.html#TOC197">12.4.4  <TT>`configure.in&acute;</TT> at top level</A></H3>
       <P>
       <TT>`configure.in&acute;</TT> or <TT>`configure.ac&acute;</TT> - this is the source from which
       <CODE>autoconf</CODE> generates the <TT>`configure&acute;</TT> script.
       </P>
       <OL>
       <LI>Declare the package and version.
       <A NAME="IDX1023"></A>
       This is done by a set of lines like these:
       <PRE>
       PACKAGE=gettext
       VERSION=0.13.1
       AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(PACKAGE, "$PACKAGE")
       AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(VERSION, "$VERSION")
       AC_SUBST(PACKAGE)
       AC_SUBST(VERSION)
       </PRE>
       or, if you are using GNU <CODE>automake</CODE>, by a line like this:
       <PRE>
       AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE(gettext, 0.13.1)
       </PRE>
       Of course, you replace <SAMP>`gettext&acute;</SAMP> with the name of your package,
       and <SAMP>`0.13.1&acute;</SAMP> by its version numbers, exactly as they
       should appear in the packaged <CODE>tar</CODE> file name of your distribution
       (<TT>`gettext-0.13.1.tar.gz&acute;</TT>, here).
       <LI>Check for internationalization support.
       Here is the main <CODE>m4</CODE> macro for triggering internationalization
       support.  Just add this line to <TT>`configure.in&acute;</TT>:
       <PRE>
       AM_GNU_GETTEXT
       </PRE>
       This call is purposely simple, even if it generates a lot of configure
       time checking and actions.
       If you have suppressed the <TT>`intl/&acute;</TT> subdirectory by calling
       <CODE>gettextize</CODE> without <SAMP>`--intl&acute;</SAMP> option, this call should read
       <PRE>
       AM_GNU_GETTEXT([external])
       </PRE>
       <LI>Have output files created.
       The <CODE>AC_OUTPUT</CODE> directive, at the end of your <TT>`configure.in&acute;</TT>
       file, needs to be modified in two ways:
       <PRE>
       AC_OUTPUT([<VAR>existing configuration files</VAR> intl/Makefile po/Makefile.in],
       [<VAR>existing additional actions</VAR>])
       </PRE>
       The modification to the first argument to <CODE>AC_OUTPUT</CODE> asks
       for substitution in the <TT>`intl/&acute;</TT> and <TT>`po/&acute;</TT> directories.
       Note the <SAMP>`.in&acute;</SAMP> suffix used for <TT>`po/&acute;</TT> only.  This is because
       the distributed file is really <TT>`po/Makefile.in.in&acute;</TT>.
       If you have suppressed the <TT>`intl/&acute;</TT> subdirectory by calling
       <CODE>gettextize</CODE> without <SAMP>`--intl&acute;</SAMP> option, then you don't need to
       add <CODE>intl/Makefile</CODE> to the <CODE>AC_OUTPUT</CODE> line.
       </OL>
       <H3><A NAME="SEC198" HREF="gettext_toc.html#TOC198">12.4.5  <TT>`config.guess&acute;</TT>, <TT>`config.sub&acute;</TT> at top level</A></H3>
       <P>
       If you haven't suppressed the <TT>`intl/&acute;</TT> subdirectory,
       you need to add the GNU <TT>`config.guess&acute;</TT> and <TT>`config.sub&acute;</TT> files
       to your distribution.  They are needed because the <TT>`intl/&acute;</TT> directory
       has platform dependent support for determining the locale's character
       encoding and therefore needs to identify the platform.
       </P>
       <P>
       You can obtain the newest version of <TT>`config.guess&acute;</TT> and
       <TT>`config.sub&acute;</TT> from <TT>`ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/config/&acute;</TT>.
       Less recent versions are also contained in the GNU <CODE>automake</CODE> and
       GNU <CODE>libtool</CODE> packages.
       </P>
       <P>
       Normally, <TT>`config.guess&acute;</TT> and <TT>`config.sub&acute;</TT> are put at the
       top level of a distribution.  But it is also possible to put them in a
       subdirectory, altogether with other configuration support files like
       <TT>`install-sh&acute;</TT>, <TT>`ltconfig&acute;</TT>, <TT>`ltmain.sh&acute;</TT>,
       <TT>`mkinstalldirs&acute;</TT> or <TT>`missing&acute;</TT>.  All you need to do, other than
       moving the files, is to add the following line to your
       <TT>`configure.in&acute;</TT>.
       </P>
       <PRE>
       AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR([<VAR>subdir</VAR>])
       </PRE>
       <H3><A NAME="SEC199" HREF="gettext_toc.html#TOC199">12.4.6  <TT>`mkinstalldirs&acute;</TT> at top level</A></H3>
       <P>
       <A NAME="IDX1024"></A>
       </P>
       <P>
       If <CODE>gettextize</CODE> has not already done it, you need to add the GNU
       <TT>`mkinstalldirs&acute;</TT> script to your distribution.  It is needed because
       <SAMP>`mkdir -p&acute;</SAMP> is not portable enough.  You find this script in the
       GNU <CODE>automake</CODE> distribution.
       </P>
       <P>
       Normally, <TT>`mkinstalldirs&acute;</TT> is put at the top level of a distribution.
       But it is also possible to put it in a subdirectory, altogether with other
       configuration support files like <TT>`install-sh&acute;</TT>, <TT>`ltconfig&acute;</TT>,
       <TT>`ltmain.sh&acute;</TT> or <TT>`missing&acute;</TT>.  All you need to do, other than
       moving the files, is to add the following line to your <TT>`configure.in&acute;</TT>.
       </P>
       <PRE>
       AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR([<VAR>subdir</VAR>])
       </PRE>
       <H3><A NAME="SEC200" HREF="gettext_toc.html#TOC200">12.4.7  <TT>`aclocal.m4&acute;</TT> at top level</A></H3>
       <P>
       <A NAME="IDX1025"></A>
       </P>
       <P>
       If you do not have an <TT>`aclocal.m4&acute;</TT> file in your distribution,
       the simplest is to concatenate the files <TT>`codeset.m4&acute;</TT>,
       <TT>`gettext.m4&acute;</TT>, <TT>`glibc21.m4&acute;</TT>, <TT>`iconv.m4&acute;</TT>, <TT>`intdiv0.m4&acute;</TT>,
       <TT>`intmax.m4&acute;</TT>, <TT>`inttypes.m4&acute;</TT>, <TT>`inttypes_h.m4&acute;</TT>,
       <TT>`inttypes-pri.m4&acute;</TT>, <TT>`isc-posix.m4&acute;</TT>, <TT>`lcmessage.m4&acute;</TT>,
       <TT>`lib-ld.m4&acute;</TT>, <TT>`lib-link.m4&acute;</TT>, <TT>`lib-prefix.m4&acute;</TT>,
       <TT>`longdouble.m4&acute;</TT>, <TT>`longlong.m4&acute;</TT>, <TT>`printf-posix.m4&acute;</TT>,
       <TT>`progtest.m4&acute;</TT>, <TT>`signed.m4&acute;</TT>, <TT>`size_max.m4&acute;</TT>,
       <TT>`stdint_h.m4&acute;</TT>, <TT>`uintmax_t.m4&acute;</TT>, <TT>`ulonglong.m4&acute;</TT>,
       <TT>`wchar_t.m4&acute;</TT>, <TT>`wint_t.m4&acute;</TT>, <TT>`xsize.m4&acute;</TT>
       from GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE>'s
       <TT>`m4/&acute;</TT> directory into a single file.  If you have suppressed the
       <TT>`intl/&acute;</TT> directory, only <TT>`gettext.m4&acute;</TT>, <TT>`iconv.m4&acute;</TT>,
       <TT>`lib-ld.m4&acute;</TT>, <TT>`lib-link.m4&acute;</TT>, <TT>`lib-prefix.m4&acute;</TT>,
       <TT>`progtest.m4&acute;</TT> need to be concatenated.
       </P>
       <P>
       If you already have an <TT>`aclocal.m4&acute;</TT> file, then you will have
       to merge the said macro files into your <TT>`aclocal.m4&acute;</TT>.  Note that if
       you are upgrading from a previous release of GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE>, you
       should most probably <EM>replace</EM> the macros (<CODE>AM_GNU_GETTEXT</CODE>,
       etc.), as they usually
       change a little from one release of GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE> to the next.
       Their contents may vary as we get more experience with strange systems
       out there.
       </P>
       <P>
       If you are using GNU <CODE>automake</CODE> 1.5 or newer, it is enough to put
       these macro files into a subdirectory named <TT>`m4/&acute;</TT> and add the line
       </P>
       <PRE>
       ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS = -I m4
       </PRE>
       <P>
       to your top level <TT>`Makefile.am&acute;</TT>.
       </P>
       <P>
       These macros check for the internationalization support functions
       and related informations.  Hopefully, once stabilized, these macros
       might be integrated in the standard Autoconf set, because this
       piece of <CODE>m4</CODE> code will be the same for all projects using GNU
       <CODE>gettext</CODE>.
       </P>
       <H3><A NAME="SEC201" HREF="gettext_toc.html#TOC201">12.4.8  <TT>`acconfig.h&acute;</TT> at top level</A></H3>
       <P>
       <A NAME="IDX1026"></A>
       </P>
       <P>
       Earlier GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE> releases required to put definitions for
       <CODE>ENABLE_NLS</CODE>, <CODE>HAVE_GETTEXT</CODE> and <CODE>HAVE_LC_MESSAGES</CODE>,
       <CODE>HAVE_STPCPY</CODE>, <CODE>PACKAGE</CODE> and <CODE>VERSION</CODE> into an
       <TT>`acconfig.h&acute;</TT> file.  This is not needed any more; you can remove
       them from your <TT>`acconfig.h&acute;</TT> file unless your package uses them
       independently from the <TT>`intl/&acute;</TT> directory.
       </P>
       <H3><A NAME="SEC202" HREF="gettext_toc.html#TOC202">12.4.9  <TT>`config.h.in&acute;</TT> at top level</A></H3>
       <P>
       <A NAME="IDX1027"></A>
       </P>
       <P>
       The include file template that holds the C macros to be defined by
       <CODE>configure</CODE> is usually called <TT>`config.h.in&acute;</TT> and may be
       maintained either manually or automatically.
       </P>
       <P>
       If it is maintained automatically, by use of the <SAMP>`autoheader&acute;</SAMP>
       program, you need to do nothing about it.  This is the case in particular
       if you are using GNU <CODE>automake</CODE>.
       </P>
       <P>
       If it is maintained manually, and if <CODE>gettextize</CODE> has created an
       <TT>`intl/&acute;</TT> directory, you should switch to using <SAMP>`autoheader&acute;</SAMP>.
       The list of C macros to be added for the sake of the <TT>`intl/&acute;</TT>
       directory is just too long to be maintained manually; it also changes
       between different versions of GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE>.
       </P>
       <P>
       If it is maintained manually, and if on the other hand you have
       suppressed the <TT>`intl/&acute;</TT> directory by calling <CODE>gettextize</CODE>
       without <SAMP>`--intl&acute;</SAMP> option, then you can get away by adding the
       following lines to <TT>`config.h.in&acute;</TT>:
       </P>
       <PRE>
       /* Define to 1 if translation of program messages to the user's
          native language is requested. */
       #undef ENABLE_NLS
       </PRE>
       <H3><A NAME="SEC203" HREF="gettext_toc.html#TOC203">12.4.10  <TT>`Makefile.in&acute;</TT> at top level</A></H3>
       <P>
       Here are a few modifications you need to make to your main, top-level
       <TT>`Makefile.in&acute;</TT> file.
       </P>
       <OL>
       <LI>
       Add the following lines near the beginning of your <TT>`Makefile.in&acute;</TT>,
       so the <SAMP>`dist:&acute;</SAMP> goal will work properly (as explained further down):
       <PRE>
       PACKAGE = @PACKAGE@
       VERSION = @VERSION@
       </PRE>
       <LI>
       Add file <TT>`ABOUT-NLS&acute;</TT> to the <CODE>DISTFILES</CODE> definition, so the file gets
       distributed.
       <LI>
       Wherever you process subdirectories in your <TT>`Makefile.in&acute;</TT>, be sure
       you also process the subdirectories <SAMP>`intl&acute;</SAMP> and <SAMP>`po&acute;</SAMP>.  Special
       rules in the <TT>`Makefiles&acute;</TT> take care for the case where no
       internationalization is wanted.
       If you are using Makefiles, either generated by automake, or hand-written
       so they carefully follow the GNU coding standards, the effected goals for
       which the new subdirectories must be handled include <SAMP>`installdirs&acute;</SAMP>,
       <SAMP>`install&acute;</SAMP>, <SAMP>`uninstall&acute;</SAMP>, <SAMP>`clean&acute;</SAMP>, <SAMP>`distclean&acute;</SAMP>.
       Here is an example of a canonical order of processing.  In this
       example, we also define <CODE>SUBDIRS</CODE> in <CODE>Makefile.in</CODE> for it
       to be further used in the <SAMP>`dist:&acute;</SAMP> goal.
       <PRE>
       SUBDIRS = doc intl lib src po
       </PRE>
       Note that you must arrange for <SAMP>`make&acute;</SAMP> to descend into the
       <CODE>intl</CODE> directory before descending into other directories containing
       code which make use of the <CODE>libintl.h</CODE> header file.  For this
       reason, here we mention <CODE>intl</CODE> before <CODE>lib</CODE> and <CODE>src</CODE>.
       <LI>
       A delicate point is the <SAMP>`dist:&acute;</SAMP> goal, as both
       <TT>`intl/Makefile&acute;</TT> and <TT>`po/Makefile&acute;</TT> will later assume that the
       proper directory has been set up from the main <TT>`Makefile&acute;</TT>.  Here is
       an example at what the <SAMP>`dist:&acute;</SAMP> goal might look like:
       <PRE>
       distdir = $(PACKAGE)-$(VERSION)
       dist: Makefile
               rm -fr $(distdir)
               mkdir $(distdir)
               chmod 777 $(distdir)
               for file in $(DISTFILES); do \
                 ln $$file $(distdir) 2&#62;/dev/null || cp -p $$file $(distdir); \
               done
               for subdir in $(SUBDIRS); do \
                 mkdir $(distdir)/$$subdir || exit 1; \
                 chmod 777 $(distdir)/$$subdir; \
                 (cd $$subdir &#38;&#38; $(MAKE) $@) || exit 1; \
               done
               tar chozf $(distdir).tar.gz $(distdir)
               rm -fr $(distdir)
       </PRE>
       </OL>
       <P>
       Note that if you are using GNU <CODE>automake</CODE>, <TT>`Makefile.in&acute;</TT> is
       automatically generated from <TT>`Makefile.am&acute;</TT>, and all needed changes
       to <TT>`Makefile.am&acute;</TT> are already made by running <SAMP>`gettextize&acute;</SAMP>.
       </P>
       <H3><A NAME="SEC204" HREF="gettext_toc.html#TOC204">12.4.11  <TT>`Makefile.in&acute;</TT> in <TT>`src/&acute;</TT></A></H3>
       <P>
       Some of the modifications made in the main <TT>`Makefile.in&acute;</TT> will
       also be needed in the <TT>`Makefile.in&acute;</TT> from your package sources,
       which we assume here to be in the <TT>`src/&acute;</TT> subdirectory.  Here are
       all the modifications needed in <TT>`src/Makefile.in&acute;</TT>:
       </P>
       <OL>
       <LI>
       In view of the <SAMP>`dist:&acute;</SAMP> goal, you should have these lines near the
       beginning of <TT>`src/Makefile.in&acute;</TT>:
       <PRE>
       PACKAGE = @PACKAGE@
       VERSION = @VERSION@
       </PRE>
       <LI>
       If not done already, you should guarantee that <CODE>top_srcdir</CODE>
       gets defined.  This will serve for <CODE>cpp</CODE> include files.  Just add
       the line:
       <PRE>
       top_srcdir = @top_srcdir@
       </PRE>
       <LI>
       You might also want to define <CODE>subdir</CODE> as <SAMP>`src&acute;</SAMP>, later
       allowing for almost uniform <SAMP>`dist:&acute;</SAMP> goals in all your
       <TT>`Makefile.in&acute;</TT>.  At list, the <SAMP>`dist:&acute;</SAMP> goal below assume that
       you used:
       <PRE>
       subdir = src
       </PRE>
       <LI>
       The <CODE>main</CODE> function of your program will normally call
       <CODE>bindtextdomain</CODE> (see see section <A HREF="gettext_3.html#SEC14">3.1  Triggering <CODE>gettext</CODE> Operations</A>), like this:
       <PRE>
       bindtextdomain (<VAR>PACKAGE</VAR>, LOCALEDIR);
       textdomain (<VAR>PACKAGE</VAR>);
       </PRE>
       To make LOCALEDIR known to the program, add the following lines to
       Makefile.in:
       <PRE>
       datadir = @datadir@
       localedir = $(datadir)/locale
       DEFS = -DLOCALEDIR=\"$(localedir)\" @DEFS@
       </PRE>
       Note that <CODE>@datadir@</CODE> defaults to <SAMP>`$(prefix)/share&acute;</SAMP>, thus
       <CODE>$(localedir)</CODE> defaults to <SAMP>`$(prefix)/share/locale&acute;</SAMP>.
       <LI>
       You should ensure that the final linking will use <CODE>@LIBINTL@</CODE> or
       <CODE>@LTLIBINTL@</CODE> as a library.  <CODE>@LIBINTL@</CODE> is for use without
       <CODE>libtool</CODE>, <CODE>@LTLIBINTL@</CODE> is for use with <CODE>libtool</CODE>.  An
       easy way to achieve this is to manage that it gets into <CODE>LIBS</CODE>, like
       this:
       <PRE>
       LIBS = @LIBINTL@ @LIBS@
       </PRE>
       In most packages internationalized with GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE>, one will
       find a directory <TT>`lib/&acute;</TT> in which a library containing some helper
       functions will be build.  (You need at least the few functions which the
       GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE> Library itself needs.)  However some of the functions
       in the <TT>`lib/&acute;</TT> also give messages to the user which of course should be
       translated, too.  Taking care of this, the support library (say
       <TT>`libsupport.a&acute;</TT>) should be placed before <CODE>@LIBINTL@</CODE> and
       <CODE>@LIBS@</CODE> in the above example.  So one has to write this:
       <PRE>
       LIBS = ../lib/libsupport.a @LIBINTL@ @LIBS@
       </PRE>
       <LI>
       You should also ensure that directory <TT>`intl/&acute;</TT> will be searched for
       C preprocessor include files in all circumstances.  So, you have to
       manage so both <SAMP>`-I../intl&acute;</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-I$(top_srcdir)/intl&acute;</SAMP> will
       be given to the C compiler.
       <LI>
       Your <SAMP>`dist:&acute;</SAMP> goal has to conform with others.  Here is a
       reasonable definition for it:
       <PRE>
       distdir = ../$(PACKAGE)-$(VERSION)/$(subdir)
       dist: Makefile $(DISTFILES)
               for file in $(DISTFILES); do \
                 ln $$file $(distdir) 2&#62;/dev/null || cp -p $$file $(distdir); \
               done
       </PRE>
       </OL>
       <H3><A NAME="SEC205" HREF="gettext_toc.html#TOC205">12.4.12  <TT>`gettext.h&acute;</TT> in <TT>`lib/&acute;</TT></A></H3>
       <P>
       <A NAME="IDX1028"></A>
       <A NAME="IDX1029"></A>
       <A NAME="IDX1030"></A>
       </P>
       <P>
       Internationalization of packages, as provided by GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE>, is
       optional.  It can be turned off in two situations:
       </P>
       <UL>
       <LI>
       When the installer has specified <SAMP>`./configure --disable-nls&acute;</SAMP>.  This
       can be useful when small binaries are more important than features, for
       example when building utilities for boot diskettes.  It can also be useful
       in order to get some specific C compiler warnings about code quality with
       some older versions of GCC (older than 3.0).
       <LI>
       When the package does not include the <CODE>intl/</CODE> subdirectory, and the
       libintl.h header (with its associated libintl library, if any) is not
       already installed on the system, it is preferrable that the package builds
       without internationalization support, rather than to give a compilation
       error.
       </UL>
       <P>
       A C preprocessor macro can be used to detect these two cases.  Usually,
       when <CODE>libintl.h</CODE> was found and not explicitly disabled, the
       <CODE>ENABLE_NLS</CODE> macro will be defined to 1 in the autoconf generated
       configuration file (usually called <TT>`config.h&acute;</TT>).  In the two negative
       situations, however, this macro will not be defined, thus it will evaluate
       to 0 in C preprocessor expressions.
       </P>
       <P>
       <A NAME="IDX1031"></A>
       <TT>`gettext.h&acute;</TT> is a convenience header file for conditional use of
       <TT>`&#60;libintl.h&#62;&acute;</TT>, depending on the <CODE>ENABLE_NLS</CODE> macro.  If
       <CODE>ENABLE_NLS</CODE> is set, it includes <TT>`&#60;libintl.h&#62;&acute;</TT>; otherwise it
       defines no-op substitutes for the libintl.h functions.  We recommend
       the use of <CODE>"gettext.h"</CODE> over direct use of <TT>`&#60;libintl.h&#62;&acute;</TT>,
       so that portability to older systems is guaranteed and installers can
       turn off internationalization if they want to.  In the C code, you will
       then write
       </P>
       <PRE>
       #include "gettext.h"
       </PRE>
       <P>
       instead of
       </P>
       <PRE>
       #include &#60;libintl.h&#62;
       </PRE>
       <P>
       The location of <CODE>gettext.h</CODE> is usually in a directory containing
       auxiliary include files.  In many GNU packages, there is a directory
       <TT>`lib/&acute;</TT> containing helper functions; <TT>`gettext.h&acute;</TT> fits there.
       In other packages, it can go into the <TT>`src&acute;</TT> directory.
       </P>
       <P>
       Do not install the <CODE>gettext.h</CODE> file in public locations.  Every
       package that needs it should contain a copy of it on its own.
       </P>
       <H2><A NAME="SEC206" HREF="gettext_toc.html#TOC206">12.5  Autoconf macros for use in <TT>`configure.in&acute;</TT></A></H2>
       <P>
       <A NAME="IDX1032"></A>
       </P>
       <P>
       GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE> installs macros for use in a package's
       <TT>`configure.in&acute;</TT> or <TT>`configure.ac&acute;</TT>.
       See section `Introduction' in <CITE>The Autoconf Manual</CITE>.
       The primary macro is, of course, <CODE>AM_GNU_GETTEXT</CODE>.
       </P>
       <H3><A NAME="SEC207" HREF="gettext_toc.html#TOC207">12.5.1  AM_GNU_GETTEXT in <TT>`gettext.m4&acute;</TT></A></H3>
       <P>
       <A NAME="IDX1033"></A>
       The <CODE>AM_GNU_GETTEXT</CODE> macro tests for the presence of the GNU gettext
       function family in either the C library or a separate <CODE>libintl</CODE>
       library (shared or static libraries are both supported) or in the package's
       <TT>`intl/&acute;</TT> directory.  It also invokes <CODE>AM_PO_SUBDIRS</CODE>, thus preparing
       the <TT>`po/&acute;</TT> directories of the package for building.
       </P>
       <P>
       <CODE>AM_GNU_GETTEXT</CODE> accepts up to three optional arguments.  The general
       syntax is
       </P>
       <PRE>
       AM_GNU_GETTEXT([<VAR>intlsymbol</VAR>], [<VAR>needsymbol</VAR>], [<VAR>intldir</VAR>])
       </PRE>
       <P>
       <VAR>intlsymbol</VAR> can be <SAMP>`external&acute;</SAMP> or <SAMP>`no-libtool&acute;</SAMP>.  The default
       (if it is not specified or empty) is <SAMP>`no-libtool&acute;</SAMP>.  <VAR>intlsymbol</VAR>
       should be <SAMP>`external&acute;</SAMP> for packages with no <TT>`intl/&acute;</TT> directory,
       and <SAMP>`no-libtool&acute;</SAMP> for packages with an <TT>`intl/&acute;</TT> directory.  In
       the latter case, a static library <CODE>$(top_builddir)/intl/libintl.a</CODE>
       will be created.
       </P>
       <P>
       If <VAR>needsymbol</VAR> is specified and is <SAMP>`need-ngettext&acute;</SAMP>, then GNU
       gettext implementations (in libc or libintl) without the <CODE>ngettext()</CODE>
       function will be ignored.  If <VAR>needsymbol</VAR> is specified and is
       <SAMP>`need-formatstring-macros&acute;</SAMP>, then GNU gettext implementations that don't
       support the ISO C 99 <TT>`&#60;inttypes.h&#62;&acute;</TT> formatstring macros will be ignored.
       Only one <VAR>needsymbol</VAR> can be specified.  To specify more than one
       requirement, just specify the strongest one among them.  The hierarchy among
       the various alternatives is as follows: <SAMP>`need-formatstring-macros&acute;</SAMP>
       implies <SAMP>`need-ngettext&acute;</SAMP>.
       </P>
       <P>
       <VAR>intldir</VAR> is used to find the intl libraries.  If empty, the value
       <SAMP>`$(top_builddir)/intl/&acute;</SAMP> is used.
       </P>
       <P>
       The <CODE>AM_GNU_GETTEXT</CODE> macro determines whether GNU gettext is
       available and should be used.  If so, it sets the <CODE>USE_NLS</CODE> variable
       to <SAMP>`yes&acute;</SAMP>; it defines <CODE>ENABLE_NLS</CODE> to 1 in the autoconf
       generated configuration file (usually called <TT>`config.h&acute;</TT>); it sets
       the variables <CODE>LIBINTL</CODE> and <CODE>LTLIBINTL</CODE> to the linker options
       for use in a Makefile (<CODE>LIBINTL</CODE> for use without libtool,
       <CODE>LTLIBINTL</CODE> for use with libtool); it adds an <SAMP>`-I&acute;</SAMP> option to
       <CODE>CPPFLAGS</CODE> if necessary.  In the negative case, it sets
       <CODE>USE_NLS</CODE> to <SAMP>`no&acute;</SAMP>; it sets <CODE>LIBINTL</CODE> and <CODE>LTLIBINTL</CODE>
       to empty and doesn't change <CODE>CPPFLAGS</CODE>.
       </P>
       <P>
       The complexities that <CODE>AM_GNU_GETTEXT</CODE> deals with are the following:
       </P>
       <UL>
       <LI>
       <A NAME="IDX1034"></A>
       Some operating systems have <CODE>gettext</CODE> in the C library, for example
       glibc.  Some have it in a separate library <CODE>libintl</CODE>.  GNU <CODE>libintl</CODE>
       might have been installed as part of the GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE> package.
       <LI>
       GNU <CODE>libintl</CODE>, if installed, is not necessarily already in the search
       path (<CODE>CPPFLAGS</CODE> for the include file search path, <CODE>LDFLAGS</CODE> for
       the library search path).
       <LI>
       Except for glibc, the operating system's native <CODE>gettext</CODE> cannot
       exploit the GNU mo files, doesn't have the necessary locale dependency
       features, and cannot convert messages from the catalog's text encoding
       to the user's locale encoding.
       <LI>
       GNU <CODE>libintl</CODE>, if installed, is not necessarily already in the
       run time library search path.  To avoid the need for setting an environment
       variable like <CODE>LD_LIBRARY_PATH</CODE>, the macro adds the appropriate
       run time search path options to the <CODE>LIBINTL</CODE> and <CODE>LTLIBINTL</CODE>
       variables.  This works on most systems, but not on some operating systems
       with limited shared library support, like SCO.
       <LI>
       GNU <CODE>libintl</CODE> relies on POSIX/XSI <CODE>iconv</CODE>.  The macro checks for
       linker options needed to use iconv and appends them to the <CODE>LIBINTL</CODE>
       and <CODE>LTLIBINTL</CODE> variables.
       </UL>
       <H3><A NAME="SEC208" HREF="gettext_toc.html#TOC208">12.5.2  AM_GNU_GETTEXT_VERSION in <TT>`gettext.m4&acute;</TT></A></H3>
       <P>
       <A NAME="IDX1035"></A>
       The <CODE>AM_GNU_GETTEXT_VERSION</CODE> macro declares the version number of
       the GNU gettext infrastructure that is used by the package.
       </P>
       <P>
       The use of this macro is optional; only the <CODE>autopoint</CODE> program makes
       use of it (see section <A HREF="gettext_12.html#SEC211">12.6  Integrating with CVS</A>).
       </P>
       <H3><A NAME="SEC209" HREF="gettext_toc.html#TOC209">12.5.3  AM_PO_SUBDIRS in <TT>`po.m4&acute;</TT></A></H3>
       <P>
       <A NAME="IDX1036"></A>
       The <CODE>AM_PO_SUBDIRS</CODE> macro prepares the <TT>`po/&acute;</TT> directories of the
       package for building.  This macro should be used in internationalized
       programs written in other programming languages than C, C++, Objective C,
       for example <CODE>sh</CODE>, <CODE>Python</CODE>, <CODE>Lisp</CODE>.  See section <A HREF="gettext_13.html#SEC217">13  Other Programming Languages</A> for a list of programming languages that support localization
       through PO files.
       </P>
       <P>
       The <CODE>AM_PO_SUBDIRS</CODE> macro determines whether internationalization
       should be used.  If so, it sets the <CODE>USE_NLS</CODE> variable to <SAMP>`yes&acute;</SAMP>,
       otherwise to <SAMP>`no&acute;</SAMP>.  It also determines the right values for Makefile
       variables in each <TT>`po/&acute;</TT> directory.
       </P>
       <H3><A NAME="SEC210" HREF="gettext_toc.html#TOC210">12.5.4  AM_ICONV in <TT>`iconv.m4&acute;</TT></A></H3>
       <P>
       <A NAME="IDX1037"></A>
       The <CODE>AM_ICONV</CODE> macro tests for the presence of the POSIX/XSI
       <CODE>iconv</CODE> function family in either the C library or a separate
       <CODE>libiconv</CODE> library.  If found, it sets the <CODE>am_cv_func_iconv</CODE>
       variable to <SAMP>`yes&acute;</SAMP>; it defines <CODE>HAVE_ICONV</CODE> to 1 in the autoconf
       generated configuration file (usually called <TT>`config.h&acute;</TT>); it defines
       <CODE>ICONV_CONST</CODE> to <SAMP>`const&acute;</SAMP> or to empty, depending on whether the
       second argument of <CODE>iconv()</CODE> is of type <SAMP>`const char **&acute;</SAMP> or
       <SAMP>`char **&acute;</SAMP>; it sets the variables <CODE>LIBICONV</CODE> and
       <CODE>LTLIBICONV</CODE> to the linker options for use in a Makefile
       (<CODE>LIBICONV</CODE> for use without libtool, <CODE>LTLIBICONV</CODE> for use with
       libtool); it adds an <SAMP>`-I&acute;</SAMP> option to <CODE>CPPFLAGS</CODE> if
       necessary.  If not found, it sets <CODE>LIBICONV</CODE> and <CODE>LTLIBICONV</CODE> to
       empty and doesn't change <CODE>CPPFLAGS</CODE>.
       </P>
       <P>
       The complexities that <CODE>AM_ICONV</CODE> deals with are the following:
       </P>
       <UL>
       <LI>
       <A NAME="IDX1038"></A>
       Some operating systems have <CODE>iconv</CODE> in the C library, for example
       glibc.  Some have it in a separate library <CODE>libiconv</CODE>, for example
       OSF/1 or FreeBSD.  Regardless of the operating system, GNU <CODE>libiconv</CODE>
       might have been installed.  In that case, it should be used instead of the
       operating system's native <CODE>iconv</CODE>.
       <LI>
       GNU <CODE>libiconv</CODE>, if installed, is not necessarily already in the search
       path (<CODE>CPPFLAGS</CODE> for the include file search path, <CODE>LDFLAGS</CODE> for
       the library search path).
       <LI>
       GNU <CODE>libiconv</CODE> is binary incompatible with some operating system's
       native <CODE>iconv</CODE>, for example on FreeBSD.  Use of an <TT>`iconv.h&acute;</TT>
       and <TT>`libiconv.so&acute;</TT> that don't fit together would produce program
       crashes.
       <LI>
       GNU <CODE>libiconv</CODE>, if installed, is not necessarily already in the
       run time library search path.  To avoid the need for setting an environment
       variable like <CODE>LD_LIBRARY_PATH</CODE>, the macro adds the appropriate
       run time search path options to the <CODE>LIBICONV</CODE> variable.  This works
       on most systems, but not on some operating systems with limited shared
       library support, like SCO.
       </UL>
       <P>
       <TT>`iconv.m4&acute;</TT> is distributed with the GNU gettext package because
       <TT>`gettext.m4&acute;</TT> relies on it.
       </P>
       <H2><A NAME="SEC211" HREF="gettext_toc.html#TOC211">12.6  Integrating with CVS</A></H2>
       <P>
       Many projects use CVS for distributed development, version control and
       source backup.  This section gives some advice how to manage the uses
       of <CODE>cvs</CODE>, <CODE>gettextize</CODE>, <CODE>autopoint</CODE> and <CODE>autoconf</CODE>.
       </P>
       <H3><A NAME="SEC212" HREF="gettext_toc.html#TOC212">12.6.1  Avoiding version mismatch in distributed development</A></H3>
       <P>
       In a project development with multiple developers, using CVS, there
       should be a single developer who occasionally - when there is desire to
       upgrade to a new <CODE>gettext</CODE> version - runs <CODE>gettextize</CODE> and
       performs the changes listed in section <A HREF="gettext_12.html#SEC193">12.4  Files You Must Create or Alter</A>, and then commits
       his changes to the CVS.
       </P>
       <P>
       It is highly recommended that all developers on a project use the same
       version of GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE> in the package.  In other words, if a
       developer runs <CODE>gettextize</CODE>, he should go the whole way, make the
       necessary remaining changes and commit his changes to the CVS.
       Otherwise the following damages will likely occur:
       </P>
       <UL>
       <LI>
       Apparent version mismatch between developers.  Since some <CODE>gettext</CODE>
       specific portions in <TT>`configure.in&acute;</TT>, <TT>`configure.ac&acute;</TT> and
       <CODE>Makefile.am</CODE>, <CODE>Makefile.in</CODE> files depend on the <CODE>gettext</CODE>
       version, the use of infrastructure files belonging to different
       <CODE>gettext</CODE> versions can easily lead to build errors.
       <LI>
       Hidden version mismatch.  Such version mismatch can also lead to
       malfunctioning of the package, that may be undiscovered by the developers.
       The worst case of hidden version mismatch is that internationalization
       of the package doesn't work at all.
       <LI>
       Release risks.  All developers implicitly perform constant testing on
       a package.  This is important in the days and weeks before a release.
       If the guy who makes the release tar files uses a different version
       of GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE> than the other developers, the distribution will
       be less well tested than if all had been using the same <CODE>gettext</CODE>
       version.  For example, it is possible that a platform specific bug goes
       undiscovered due to this constellation.
       </UL>
       <H3><A NAME="SEC213" HREF="gettext_toc.html#TOC213">12.6.2  Files to put under CVS version control</A></H3>
       <P>
       There are basically three ways to deal with generated files in the
       context of a CVS repository, such as <TT>`configure&acute;</TT> generated from
       <TT>`configure.in&acute;</TT>, <CODE><VAR>parser</VAR>.c</CODE> generated from
       <CODE><VAR>parser</VAR>.y</CODE>, or <CODE>po/Makefile.in.in</CODE> autoinstalled by
       <CODE>gettextize</CODE> or <CODE>autopoint</CODE>.
       </P>
       <OL>
       <LI>
       All generated files are always committed into the repository.
       <LI>
       All generated files are committed into the repository occasionally,
       for example each time a release is made.
       <LI>
       Generated files are never committed into the repository.
       </OL>
       <P>
       Each of these three approaches has different advantages and drawbacks.
       </P>
       <OL>
       <LI>
       The advantage is that anyone can check out the CVS at any moment and
       gets a working build.  The drawbacks are:  1a. It requires some frequent
       "cvs commit" actions by the maintainers.  1b. The repository grows in size
       quite fast.
       <LI>
       The advantage is that anyone can check out the CVS, and the usual
       "./configure; make" will work.  The drawbacks are:  2a. The one who
       checks out the repository needs tools like GNU <CODE>automake</CODE>,
       GNU <CODE>autoconf</CODE>, GNU <CODE>m4</CODE> installed in his PATH; sometimes
       he even needs particular versions of them.  2b. When a release is made
       and a commit is made on the generated files, the other developers get
       conflicts on the generated files after doing "cvs update".  Although
       these conflicts are easy to resolve, they are annoying.
       <LI>
       The advantage is less work for the maintainers.  The drawback is that
       anyone who checks out the CVS not only needs tools like GNU <CODE>automake</CODE>,
       GNU <CODE>autoconf</CODE>, GNU <CODE>m4</CODE> installed in his PATH, but also that
       he needs to perform a package specific pre-build step before being able
       to "./configure; make".
       </OL>
       <P>
       For the first and second approach, all files modified or brought in
       by the occasional <CODE>gettextize</CODE> invocation and update should be
       committed into the CVS.
       </P>
       <P>
       For the third approach, the maintainer can omit from the CVS repository
       all the files that <CODE>gettextize</CODE> mentions as "copy".  Instead, he
       adds to the <TT>`configure.in&acute;</TT> or <TT>`configure.ac&acute;</TT> a line of the
       form
       </P>
       <PRE>
       AM_GNU_GETTEXT_VERSION(0.13.1)
       </PRE>
       <P>
       and adds to the package's pre-build script an invocation of
       <SAMP>`autopoint&acute;</SAMP>.  For everyone who checks out the CVS, this
       <CODE>autopoint</CODE> invocation will copy into the right place the
       <CODE>gettext</CODE> infrastructure files that have been omitted from the CVS.
       </P>
       <H3><A NAME="SEC214" HREF="gettext_toc.html#TOC214">12.6.3  Invoking the <CODE>autopoint</CODE> Program</A></H3>
       <P>
       <A NAME="IDX1039"></A>
       <A NAME="IDX1040"></A>
       <PRE>
       autopoint [<VAR>option</VAR>]...
       </PRE>
       <P>
       The <CODE>autopoint</CODE> program copies standard gettext infrastructure files
       into a source package.  It extracts from a macro call of the form
       <CODE>AM_GNU_GETTEXT_VERSION(<VAR>version</VAR>)</CODE>, found in the package's
       <TT>`configure.in&acute;</TT> or <TT>`configure.ac&acute;</TT> file, the gettext version
       used by the package, and copies the infrastructure files belonging to
       this version into the package.
       </P>
       <H4><A NAME="SEC215" HREF="gettext_toc.html#TOC215">12.6.3.1  Options</A></H4>
       <DL COMPACT>
       <DT><SAMP>`-f&acute;</SAMP>
       <DD>
       <DT><SAMP>`--force&acute;</SAMP>
       <DD>
       <A NAME="IDX1041"></A>
       <A NAME="IDX1042"></A>
       Force overwriting of files that already exist.
       <DT><SAMP>`-n&acute;</SAMP>
       <DD>
       <DT><SAMP>`--dry-run&acute;</SAMP>
       <DD>
       <A NAME="IDX1043"></A>
       <A NAME="IDX1044"></A>
       Print modifications but don't perform them.  All file copying actions that
       <CODE>autopoint</CODE> would normally execute are inhibited and instead only
       listed on standard output.
       </DL>
       <H4><A NAME="SEC216" HREF="gettext_toc.html#TOC216">12.6.3.2  Informative output</A></H4>
       <DL COMPACT>
       <DT><SAMP>`--help&acute;</SAMP>
       <DD>
       <A NAME="IDX1045"></A>
       Display this help and exit.
       <DT><SAMP>`--version&acute;</SAMP>
       <DD>
       <A NAME="IDX1046"></A>
       Output version information and exit.
       </DL>
       <P>
       <CODE>autopoint</CODE> supports the GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE> versions from 0.10.35 to
       the current one, 0.13.1.  In order to apply <CODE>autopoint</CODE> to
       a package using a <CODE>gettext</CODE> version newer than 0.13.1, you
       need to install this same version of GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE> at least.
       </P>
       <P>
       In packages using GNU <CODE>automake</CODE>, an invocation of <CODE>autopoint</CODE>
       should be followed by invocations of <CODE>aclocal</CODE> and then <CODE>autoconf</CODE>
       and <CODE>autoheader</CODE>.  The reason is that <CODE>autopoint</CODE> installs some
       autoconf macro files, which are used by <CODE>aclocal</CODE> to create
       <TT>`aclocal.m4&acute;</TT>, and the latter is used by <CODE>autoconf</CODE> to create the
       package's <TT>`configure&acute;</TT> script and by <CODE>autoheader</CODE> to create the
       package's <TT>`config.h.in&acute;</TT> include file template.
       </P>
       <P>
       The name <SAMP>`autopoint&acute;</SAMP> is an abbreviation of <SAMP>`auto-po-intl-m4&acute;</SAMP>;
       the tool copies or updates mostly files in the <TT>`po&acute;</TT>, <TT>`intl&acute;</TT>,
       <TT>`m4&acute;</TT> directories.
       </P>
       <P><HR><P>
       Go to the <A HREF="gettext_1.html">first</A>, <A HREF="gettext_11.html">previous</A>, <A HREF="gettext_13.html">next</A>, <A HREF="gettext_22.html">last</A> section, <A HREF="gettext_toc.html">table of contents</A>.
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